The wood was so rotten that, when we pulled, it（ ）into fragments.

A.broke away B.broke off C.broke up D.broke through

In general，matters which lie entirely within state borders are the（ ）concern of state gov-ernments.

A.extinct B.excluding C.excessive D.exclusive

While admiring that this forecast was（ ）uncertain, the scientists warned against treating it as a cry of wolf.

A.anyhow B.somewhere C.somewhat D.anyway

s="" political="" base.(4)Mr. Goeglein was influential in decisions on a range of question important to that constituency, including stem cell research, abortion and faith-based initiatives. A blogger in Mr. Goeglein's hometown, Fort Wayne, Ind. , found the plagiarism. (5)"This is not acceptable, and we are being disappointed in Tim's actions,” a White House spokeswoman, Emily Lawrimore, said Friday morning, hours before Mr. Goeglein resigned. (6)“He is offered no excuses, and he agrees it was wrong.” (7) Mr. Goeglein, 44, is small known outside Washington. (8) He is a familiar figure to conservatives and evangelical Christians, who knew him as a spokesman for Gary L. Bauer, the conservative who ran as president in 2000.(9) When Mr. Bauer dropped out the race, Mr. Goeglein signed on with Mr. Bush, eventually becoming a top aide to Karl Rove, the chief political strategist. (10)He was the eyes and ears of the White House in the world of religion conservatives and an emissary to that world for Mr. Rove and the president.'>

(1) A longtime aide to President Bush who wrote occasional guest columns for his hometown newspaper resigned on Friday evening after admitted that he had repeatedly plagiarized from other writers. (2) The White House called his actions unaccepted. (3) The aide, Tim Goeglein, worked for Mr. Bush since 2001, as a liaison to social and religious conservatives, an important component of the president's political base. (4) Mr. Goeglein was influential in decisions on a range of question important to that constituency, including stem cell research, abortion and faith-based initiatives. A blogger in Mr. Goeglein's hometown, Fort Wayne, Ind. , found the plagiarism. (5) "This is not acceptable, and we are being disappointed in Tim's actions,” a White House spokeswoman, Emily Lawrimore, said Friday morning, hours before Mr. Goeglein resigned. (6) “He is offered no excuses, and he agrees it was wrong.” (7) Mr. Goeglein, 44, is small known outside Washington. (8) He is a familiar figure to conservatives and evangelical Christians, who knew him as a spokesman for Gary L. Bauer, the conservative who ran as president in 2000.(9) When Mr. Bauer dropped out the race, Mr. Goeglein signed on with Mr. Bush, eventually becoming a top aide to Karl Rove, the chief political strategist. (10) He was the eyes and ears of the White House in the world of religion conservatives and an emissary to that world for Mr. Rove and the president.

In the following passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, ONE in each numbered and underlined part. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it with a slash (/) and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words (in brackets) immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (/). Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2).

The noise is so faint that the engineers have to （ ） their ears to hear it.

A.stir B.stress C.strain D.stride

Experimental sciences, based on the observation of the external world, cannot aspire to completeness; the nature of things, and the imperfection of our organs,______.

A.are likely opposing it B.are opposed to it and the like C.are alike opposed it D.are opposing it likewise

The Space Age （ ）in October 1957 when the first artificial satellite was launched by the Soviet Union.

A.embarked B.initiated C.commenced D.originated

Helicobacter pylori is one of humanity’s oldest and closest companions, and yet it took scientists more than a century to recognize it. As early as 1875, German anatomists found spiral bacteria colonizing the mucus layer of the human stomach, but because the organisms could not be grown in a pure culture, the results were ignored and then forgotten. It was not until 1982 that Australian doctors Barry J. Marshall and J. Robin Warren isolated the bacteria, allowing investigations of H pylori’s role in the stomach to begin in earnest. Over the next decade researchers discovered that people carrying the organisms had an increased risk of developing peptic ulcers—breaks in the lining of the stomach or duodenum—and that H pylori could also trigger the onset of the most common form of stomach cancer.Just as scientists were learning the importance of H pylori, however, they discovered that the bacteria are losing their foothold in the human digestive tract. Whereas nearly all adults in the developing would still carry the organism, its prevalence is much lower in developed countries such as the U.S. Epidemiologists believe that H pylori has been disappearing from developed nations for the past 100 years thanks to improved hygiene, which blocks the transmission of the bacteria, and to the widespread use of antibiotics. As H pylori has retreated, the rates of peptic ulcers and stomach cancer have dropped. But at the same time, diseases of the esophagus — including acid reflux disease and a particularly deadly type of esophageal cancer—have increased dramatically, and a wide body of evidence indicates that the rise of these illnesses is also related to the disappearance of H pylori.

1. The author’s primary purpose in writing this passage is to( ).

2.Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?

3.Which of the following would most probably follow the last sentence of this passage?

A.alter people to the harm of H pylori colonization of the stomach B.make people aware of the harm of eradicating H pylori from the stomach C.suggest that the benefits of eradicating H pylori from the stomach are not outweighed by the potential harm. D.call attention to the consequences of eradicating H pylori from the stomach.問題2： A.Improvements in sanitation are a vital element in helping ward off peptic ulcers. B.People in the developing countries are not likely to contract esophageal diseases. C.Nowadays few people in the developed countries suffer from stomach cancer. D.Scientists have long recognized H pylori’s important role in the stomach, but could do nothing about.問題3： A.Furthermore, the disappearance of H pylori may be a sentinel indicating the possibility of other microbial extinctions as well. B.The possibility that this bacterium may actually protect people against disease of the esophagus has significant implications. C.However, there has been an unexpected rise in the incidence of a new class of diseases involving the esophagus. D.The rise of these diseases has occurred just as H pylori has been disappearing, and it is tempting to associate the two phenomena.

s="" book="" black="" fiction,="" in="" attempting="" to="" apply="" literary="" rather="" than="" sociopolitical="" criteria="" its="" subject,="" successfully="" alters="" the="" approach="" taken="" by="" most="" previous="" studies.="" as="" rosenblatt="" notes,="" criticism="" of="" writing="" has="" often="" served="" a="" pretext="" for="" expounding="" on="" history.="" addison="" gayle's="" recent="" work,="" example,="" judges="" value="" fiction="" overtly="" political="" standards,="" rating="" each="" work="" according="" notions="" identity="" which="" it="" propounds. Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. Rosenblatt's literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored. Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than the racial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors? Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modem fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous ? Rosenblatt shows that black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable, coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by blacks over the last eighty years, he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly white culture, whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.Black fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatt's thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic? In addition, the style of some black novels, like Jean Toomer's Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism ; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed, and its forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.1.The author of the passage objects to criticism of Black fiction like that by Addison Gayle because it（ ）.2.The author of the passage is primarily concerned with（ ） .3.The author's discussion of Black Fiction can be best described as（ ）.4.It can be inferred that the author of the passage would be LEAST likely to approve of which of the following?'>

Roger Rosenblatt's book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history. Addison Gayle's recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards, rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideolog

s="" surface="" with="" molten="" rock="" during="" its="" earliest="" days,="" but="" still="" may="" have="" left="" oases="" of="" water="" that="" could="" supported="" the="" evolution="" life,="" scientists="" say.="" new="" study="" reveals="" planet's="" infancy,="" earth="" was="" a="" hellish="" environment,="" perhaps="" not="" as="" often="" thought,="" added. Earth formed about 4. 5 billion years ago. The first 500 million years of its life are known as the Hadean Eon. Although this time amounts to more than 10 percent of Earth's history, little is known about it, since few rocks are known that are older than 3. 8 billion years old. For much of the Hadean, Earth and its sister worlds in the inner solar system were pummeled with an extraordinary number of cosmic impacts. “It was thought that because of these asteroids and comets flying around colliding with Earth, conditions on early Earth may have been hellish,” said lead study author Simone Marchi, a planetary scientist at the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colorado. This imagined hellishness gave the eon its name—Hadean comes from Hades, the lord of the underworld in Greek mythology.However, in the past dozen years or so, a radically different picture of the Hadean began to emerge. Analysis of minerals trapped within microscopic zircon crystals dating from this eon “suggested that there was liquid water on the surface of the Earth back then, clashing with the previous picture that the Hadean was hellish,” Marchi said. This could explain why the evidence of the earliest life on Earth appears during the Hadean—maybe the planet was less inhospitable during that eon than previously thought.The exact timing and magnitude of the impacts that smashed Earth during the Hadean are unknown. To get an idea of the effects of this bombardment, Machi and his colleagues looked at the moon, whose heavily cratered surface helped model the battering that its close neighbor Earth must have experienced back then.“We also looked at highly siderophile elements (elements that bind tightly to iron), such as gold, delivered to Earth as a result of these early collisions, and the amounts of these elements tells us the total mass accreted by Earth as the results of these collisions, ” Marchi said. Prior research suggests these impacts probably contributed less than 0. 5 percent of the Earth's present-day mass.The researchers discovered that “ the surface of the Earth during the Hadean was heavily affected by very large collisions, by impactors larger than 100 kilometers or so — really, really big impactors,” Marchi said. “ When Earth has a collision with an object that big, that melts a large volume of the Earth's crust and mantle, covering a large fraction of the surface,” Marchi added. These findings suggest that Earth's surface was buried over and over again by large volumes of molten rock — enough to cover the surface of the Earth several times. This helps explain why so few rocks survive from the Hadean, the researchers said.1.Why is it little known about the Earth's first 500 million years?2.Why is the early Earth imagined to be hellish?3.Why was the early Earth in fact less inhospitable than often thought?4.How can the moon help with the understanding of the impacts that smashed the Earth?'>

Asteroids and comets that repeatedly smashed into the early Earth covered the planet's surface with molten rock during its earliest days, but still may have left oases of water that could have supported the evolution of life, scientists say. The new study reveals that during the planet's infancy, the surface of the Earth was a hellish environment, but perhaps not as hellish as often thought, scientists added.Earth formed about 4. 5 billion years ago. The first 500 million years of its life are known as the Hadean Eon. Although this time amounts to more than 10 percent of Earth's history, little is known about it, since few rocks are known that are older than 3. 8 billion years old.For much of the Hadean, Earth and its sister worlds in the inner solar system were pumm

The heavily populated area was a breeding place for （ ） diseases.

A.infectious B.powerful C.influential D.suspicious

We shall never be able to （ ） ourselves truly unless we are working for the welfare of our fellows.

A.realize B.spot C.accomplish D.fulfill

Though this book was written more than 50 years ago, it has a relatively contemporary appeal, and its （ ） plotting will amuse mystery lovers.

A.intricate B.disparate C.compassionate D.passionate

The professor stopped for a drink and then( ) with his lecture on the Indian culture.

A.proceeded B.processed C.preferred D.presented

d="" want="" is="" a="" false="" caliphate="" with="" access="" to="" billions="" of="" dollars="" in="" oil="" revenue.="" ”In a joint statement, both Kerry and Italian foreign minister Paolo Gentiloni expressed concern over the “growing influence” of Islamic State in Libya. They vowed to “continue to National Accord in its efforts to establish peace and security for the Libyan people.”Kerry ruled out military intervention in Libya by the United States in near future. But he said that could change if there were “some turn of events, like weapons of mass destruction ending up in the hands of the wrong people”.Libya has been in a state of chaos since 2011 when Moammar Gaddafi was ousted. Two rival governments subsequently emerged, and continuing conflict has foiled efforts to establish a united Libyan government.Though the emerging threat in Libya commanded much of the diplomats' attention, the situation in Syria remains troublesome. Success in pushing Islamic State fighters out of an estimated 40 percent of territory they controlled in Iraq and 20 percent to 30 percent of the land they held in Syria has created its own set of urgent problems.Fleeing fighters often booby-trap homes and demolish buildings, which then need to be cleared and rebuilt before residents can return. Kerry urged his fellow foreign ministers to donate more money to a stabilization fund for rebuilding and restoring services in those areas.Now that U. N. -backed Syria peace talks aimed at ending the war have started in Geneva, Kerry called on Russia to stop bombing opposition fighters and the Syrian government to grant humanitarian access to besieged towns.With the onset of peace talks, a cease-fire should follow shortly, he said.“We are at the table, and we expect a cease-fire,” he said. “And we expect adherence to the cease-fire, and we expect full humanitarian access.”In Geneva, where U. N. envoy Staffan de Mistura on Monday declared the official opening of talks between the Syrian government and opposition, both sides said that as far as they were concerned, negotiations had not yet begun.In a statement, the opposition delegation said Syrian rebels are facing “ a massive acceleration of Russian and regime military aggression... including attacks on hospitals and critical infrastructurev near the cities of Aleppo and Homs over the past two days.The Syrian government delegation accused the opposition of acting like “amateurs and not professional politicians”. Syria's United Nations ambassador, Bashar Jaafari, representing Syrian President Basher al-Assad, said his side challenged the participation of two “terrorist” groups in the opposition delegation, according to the state-run Syrian Arab News Agency.The Obama administration is eager for the peace talks to begin and has pressured the opposition to participate. Opposition representatives have said the agreed-upon rules for the negotiations, in a U. N. resolution, call for an end to bombardments and government sieges of civilian areas, as well as the release of prisoners.Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov told reporters there that his government considered members of Jaish al-Islam and Ahrar al-Sham to be participating in the opposition delegation in their “personal capacity” rather than as official representatives. Lavrov also said that he considers it the responsibility of the United States, as leader of the coalition against the Islamic State in Syria and Iraq, to prevent conflict among the various participants operating strike aircraft over those countries.1.Both Kerry and Paolo Gentiloni agreed upon the following EXCEPT （ ） .2.Which of the following is INCORRECT according to the passage?3.What did Kerry urge his fellow foreign ministers to do?4.What did the Syrian government delegation accuse the opposition of?'>

Advances in campaign against the Islamic State in Syria and Iraq are forcing the extremists to abandon territory there, generating concerns that they are carving out a new stronghold in oil-rich Libya, Secretary of State John F. Kerry said Tuesday.“As everybody here knows, th

Last year our school football team won four（ ） games.

A.obsessive B.concessive C.successive D.excessive

Traditional fairytales are being ditched by parents because they are too （ ）for their young children, a study found.

A.scarce B.scary C.scared D.scarred

For 50 years they were able to produce and sell their goods more cheaply than other countries and this gave them a （ ） advantage in world trade.

A.considerable B.concrete C.considerate D.conventional

The contribution genes make to intelligence increases as children grow older. This goes against thenotion that most people hold that as we age，environmental influences gradually overpower the geneticlegacy we are bom with and may have implications for education. “People assume the genetic influencegoes down with age because the environmental differences between people pile up in life,”says RobertPlomin. “What we found was quite amazing, and goes in the other direction.”Previous studies have shown variations in intelligence are at least partly due to genetics. To find out whether this genetic contribution varies with age, Plomin’s team pooled data from six separate studies carried out in the US, the UK, Australia and the Netherlands, involving a total of 11,000 pairs of twins. In these studies, the researchers tested twins on reasoning, logic and arithmetics to measure a quantity called general cognitive ability, or “G”. Each study also included both identical twins, with the same genes, and fraternal twins, sharing about half their genes, making it possible to distinguish the contributions of genes and environment to their G scores.Plomin’s team calculated that in childhood, genes account for about 41 percent of the variation inintelligence. In adolescence, this rose to 55 percent； by young adolescence, it was 66 percent. No one knows why the influence from genes should increase with age, but Plomin suggests that as children getolder，they become better at exploiting and manipulating their environment to suit their genetic needs,and says “ Kids with high G will use their environment to foster their cognitive ability and choose friendswho are like-minded. ” Children with medium to low G may choose less challenging pastimes andactivities, further emphasizing their genetic legacy.Is there any way to interfere with the pattern? Perhaps. “The evidence of strong heritability doesn’tmean at all that there is nothing you can do about it，” says Susanne Jaeggi，“From our own work, theones that started off with lower IQ scores had higher gains after training. ’’Plomin suggests that genetic differences may be more emphasized if all children share an identical curriculum instead of it being tailored to children’s natural abilities. “My inclination would be to give everyone a good education, but put more effort into the lower end,” he says. Intelligence researcher Paul Thompson agrees: “It shows that educators need to steer kids towards things drawing out their natural talents.”

1.What is the common notion that people hold about genes?2.The study by Plomin’s team aims to find out ( )3.From the experiment with twins, Plomin’s team draws a conclusion that( ) .

4.The word “pattern” in paragraph four is closest in meaning to( ) .

5.Which of the following might Plomin’s team least agree to?

A.Humans can do little to change the genetic differences between people. B.Genetic influence becomes stronger when people receive education. C.Genes contribute more to one’s intelligence than environmental factors. D.Environmental factors lessen the influence of genes on one’s intelligence.問題2： A.whether variations in intelligence are caused by genetic differences B.how to overpower genetic factors with new educational approaches C.whether genetic contribution to one’s intelligence varies with age D.the relationship between environment and genes問題3： A.genetic contribution increases when one grows older B.genetic influence decreases when age increases C.environment has more impact on fraternal twins than identical twins D.it remains a mystery how genes and environment co-influence people問題4： A.cognitive ability B.strong heritability C.genetic legacy D.challenging pastimes問題5： A.An identical curriculum to school children. B.A differentiated course design to children with varied IQ. C.More effort directed at children with medium or low G. D.Education tailored to children’s natural abilities.

Retirement is obviously a very complex （ ） period ; and the earlier you start planning for it, the better.

A.transformation B.transmission C.transaction D.transition