（ ）, the factories had not closed, and those who needed work most were given a chance to survive during the economic disaster.

Since about 1800,near the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, coal, petroleum, and gas have been used at a rapidly increasing rate. The supply of these（1） is limited, and electric power is very （2） in many places. Some scientists believe solar energy is the only （3） which can meet the world’s enormous（4）for power.Great progress had been made in harnessing the sun. Not only is the sun now used in cooking, （5） it also supplies power for （6） things as beacon lights for ships and airplanes. It（7）telephone lines, portable radios, electric clocks, hearing aids, and even communication. Some homes and office buildings in the United States are now being（8）with solar energy.The three most significant types of solar equipment（9） are the furnace, the still, and the cell. Solar furnaces heat water or air,（10）is then circulated through a building to make it comfortable.Solar stills are （11） important because they can provide （12） water at a relatively cheap rate. Salt can easily be （13） from sea water with a solar still.The most highly developed type of solar （14） equipment is the solar cell. Some cells are so （15）that they can turn 16 percent of the energy they receive from the sun（16） electric energy. One of the cell’s biggest advantages is （17）it can be made either small enough to carry（18） large enough to produce a current that can run an automobile. Besides, it has a very long life. It is still too expensive for the （19）consumer but when ways are （20）to produce it more cheaply, we can expect its use to be wide-spread.

The medicine（ ） his pain but did not cure his illness.

You will not become（ ） to smoking if you refuse cigarettes when they are offered.

The spontaneity of children’ s artwork sets it apart from the regulated uniformity of much of what otherwise go on in traditional elementary classrooms.

The collapse of the Earth’s magnetic field — which guards the planet and guides many of its creatures — appears to have started seriously about 150 years ago, the New York Times reported last week.The field’s strength has decreased by 10 or 15 percent so far and this has increased the debate over whether it signals a reversal of the planet’s lines of magnetic force.During a reversal, the main field weakens, almost vanishes, and reappears with opposite polarity （極）.The transition would take thousands of years. Once completed, compass needles that had pointed north would point south. A reversal could cause problems for both man and animals. Astronauts and satellites would have difficulties. Birds, fish and animals that rely on the magnetic field for navigation would find migration confusing. But experts said the effects would not be a big disaster, despite claims of doom and vague evidence of links between past field reversals and species extinctions.Although a total transition may be hundreds or thousands of years away, the rapid decline in magnetic strength is already affecting satellites. Last month, the European Space Agency approved the world’s largest effort at tracking the field’s shifts. A group of new satellites, called Swarm, is to monitor the collapsing field with far greater precision. “ We want to get some idea of how this would evolve in the near future, just like people trying to predict the weather，” said Gauthier Hulot, a French geophysicist working on the satellite plan. “I’m personally quite convinced we should be able to work out the first predictions by the end of the mission. ’’No matter what the new findings, the public has no reason to panic. Even if a transition is coming on its way, it might take 2, 000 years to mature. The last one took place 780,000 years ago, when early humans were learning how to make stone tools. Deep inside the Earth flow hot currents of melted iron. This mechanical energy creates electromagnetism. This process is known as the geophysical generator. In a car’s generator, the same principle turns mechanical energy into electricity.No one knows precisely why the field periodically reverses. But scientists say the responsibility probably lies with changes in the disorderly flows of melted iron, which they see as similar to the gases that make up the clouds of Jupiter.1.According to the passage, the Earth’s magnetic field has（ ） .2.During the transition of the Earth’s magnetic field （ ）.3.The author says the public has no reason to panic” because（ ） .4.The cause of the transition of the Earth’s magnetic field comes from（ ） .

The United Nations Conferences on the Law of the sea would soon produce an ocean-mining treaty following its （ ）declaration in 1970 that oceans were the heritage of mankind.

The American dream is most （ ）during the periods of productivity and wealth generated by American capitalism.

A manager hoping to blossom as a business leader must develop the skill to communicate effectively. One of the foremost tasks of a leader is to create （1） to a cause. To do that he must first communicate to build mutual understanding.（2）a manager communicates mostly to （3）information, a leader uses communications to build relationships. A manager overwhelms others with details and still （4）them cold. A leader（5） their hearts by combining his vision with their （6）in a common cause.Most Asian business leaders are instinctively （7） relationship building （8） direct communications. But they don’t use the mass media so well. While face to face communications is （9）, it is not enough in today’s big business. （10） their western （11），they are not so much frightened by mass media’s potential to magnify, distort, and expose. The problem lies more in the（12）of professional support（13）to them. In most Asian companies the public affairs function either does not exist or is（14） routine chores removed from helping the CEO to communicate with wider audiences. The reason primarily is that the （15）communications officers are placed quite low in the organizational hierarchy.Asia’s need for business leaders who are （16）in using mass media to involve the public（17） the economic development dream has never been greater. Television and the print media have an enormous （18） on the public’s perception of business. Our business leaders have not yet faced an unsympathetic press. They should start now（19）the day not be too far away （20） they are suddenly forced to enter the perilous arena of public communications.

Because of the economic slowdown, the government changed its policy to （ ）revenue by limiting commerce.

The government allocated a special sum of money in order to reinforce the prosecution of the effective policy.

With the severe shortage of energy supply, we are facing the （ ） of a very hard winter.

We cannot be（ ）with him due to his misbehavior at the meeting yesterday.

The train from the capital was derailed last night in the mountain area, but fortunately there were no（ ）, police said.

Many private institutions of higher education around the country are in danger. Not all will be saved, and perhaps not all deserve to be saved. There are low-quality schools just as there are low-quality businesses. We have no obligation to save them simply because they exist.But many thriving institutions that deserve to continue are threatened. They are doing a fine job educationally, but they are caught in a financial squeeze, with no way to reduce rising cost or increase revenues significantly. Raising tuition doesn’t bring in more revenue, for each time tuition goes up, the enrollment goes down, or the amount that must be given away in student aid goes up. Schools are bad businesses, whether public or private, not usually because of mismanagement but because of the nature of the enterprise. They lose money on every customer, and they can go bankrupt either from too few students or too many students. Even a very good college is a very bad business.It is such colleges, thriving but threatened, I worry about low enrollment is not their chief problem. Even with full enrollments, they may go under. Effects to save them and preferably to keep them private, are national necessities. There is no basis for arguing that private schools are inherently better than public schools. Examples to the contrary abound.Anyone can name state universities and colleges that rank as the finest in the nation and the world. It is now inevitable that public institutions will be dominant, and therefore diversity is a national necessity. Diversity in the way we support schools tends to give us a healthy diversity in the forms of education. In an imperfect society such as ours, uniformity of education throughout the nation could be dangerous. In an imperfect society, diversity is a positive good. Ardent supporters of public higher education know the importance of sustaining private higher education.1.In the author’s opinion, schools are bad business because of（ ）.2.The author used the phrase “go under” in the third paragraph to mean （ ）.3.We can reasonably conclude from the passage that the author made an appeal to the public in order to support （ ）.4.Which of the following is not mentioned?

（ ） a research student, I would at least master two foreign languages.

Her talk at the seminar clearly（ ）from the topic the supervisor expected in the field ofsociology.

However, growth in the fabricated metals industry was able to（ ） some of the decline in the iron and steel industry.

The（ ） of the lake is covered with reeds and rushes.

NickYoung創立了該刊物，并編輯英文版本，他說，上周多位北京警方和地方統計局的官員告知他該刊物進行了“未經批準的調查”，因此被認為違反了有關收集統計數據的1983年法律。楊先生說，在該刊物發行的十幾年中，當局并未提供頒布此法令的明確原因。1.他說該刊物并未進行任何投票或調查，該法令非常含糊，因此可以禁止幾乎任何需要與當地民眾接觸的信息收集。關閉該刊物的決定可能反映了中國對近幾年增加的地方和國外資助民間團體的關注持續增加。2.某些民間團體已經降低了中國百姓維護合法權利的門檻，某些中國官員認為這些團體會導致社會的不安定。如果這些團體受政府資助而且不從事公開的政治活動，那么中國中央政府通常能夠忍受。一些官員表示那些團體能夠極大地幫助監測和抵制虐工等違法的行為。3.《中國發展簡報》無權在中國出版，雇員也未注冊為新聞記者，這就意味著該刊物未在更大出版社的允許下已經存在較長時間。但楊先生說，當局已經監視他的事務多年，他相信他們理解向國外扶助機構提供客觀信息符合中國利益。